The French army was equipped with new cannon and bombards that were easily able to destroy traditional fortifications built in the Middle Ages.
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The evolution of these ideas can be seen in transitional fortifications such as Sarzana Sarzanello in North West Italy.
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The existing star-shaped fortifications were built by the United Kingdom between 1820 and 1831 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Elias Walker Durnford of the Royal Engineers, and incorporated a section of the French enceinte (enclosure) of 1745.
The Taragarh Fort, or 'Star Fort' is the most impressive of the city's structures.